How To Be A Successful Overseas Filipino Worker Essay

How does an 18 year old International Relations student define success? I would probably define success as the attainment of happiness, but I turn to my great friends Merriam and Webster for a more credible meaning. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, success is a state where in a person attain a favorable or desired outcome; it may also equate to the attainment of wealth, favor, or eminence. In this assignment, we were tasked to write and research on â€Å"How To Be A Successful OFW†. We have heard different stories about our Overseas Filipino Workers, some of them are inspiring, but unfortunately some of them are tragic. In this paper, I would discuss ways on how an aspiring OFW be as successful and happy as the other Overseas Filipinos are, and how can their stories be as inspiring as the few we always hear in our neighborhood, family gatherings, sometimes even the local news! First, is to be a legal and registered OFW. Being an Overseas Filipino Worker is never an easy job, they work far from their families, a lot of them encounter ‘culture shock’, most of them feel isolated, and a handful gets into sticky situations. To be a successful OFW does not require them to do everything alone. The Philippine government will be having their backs, all throughout the duration of their stay abroad. As the whole world knows, there are tons of foreign employers who hire Filipinos for their dedicated work ethics and good english skills. This resulted to a diaspora of our OFWs in the world; and because of this, the government is doing their job to ensure that the safety, rights and welfare of these Filipinos abroad are protected. In order for them to do this more effectively and smoothly, all OFWs must undergo processes before leaving the country. Foreign companies are usually affiliated with private agencies. These agencies should be licensed and accredited by POEA or the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration; this accreditation would allow POEA to monitor and to ensure the safety of our OFWs. In cases of name hiring, where in a foreign company hires an OFW directly, a final step after getting their visa and working permit, is necessary for them to be called â€Å"modern heroes†. While processing their papers, aspiring OFWs would undergo a verification and evaluation process, and they are required to attend a Pre-Departure Orientation Seminar. A PDOS is a seminar that allows aspiring OFWs to deepen their knowledge about their host country, it’s culture, language and the life they are about to encounter. Another government agency that would surely help an OFW is the OWWA or the Overseas Worker’s Welfare Administration. Being an OWWA member has its perks, and the $25 membership fee is worth it; because all registered members can avail the many OWWA services that range from health care, disability and death benefits, scholarships and financial assistance for education and training, workers assistance and on-site services, social services and family welfare assistance. Also, PhilHealth – a government owned health insurance – is another government agency that our OFWs would want to be a member of; it provides an OFW and his dependent health benefits in case of illness or injury that requires hospitalization. Meanwhile, OWWA contributions differs from PhilHealth membership because it is the life insurance of an OFW while working overseas. OWWA, is also an agency that is tasked to protect the welfare of our overseas Filipinos, and in line with this they give constant reminders to our OFWs for them to avoid trouble abroad. The second way to be a successful OFW, is to follow government regulations and reminders to ensure your own safety. Nothing beats a safe and happy person to start the path of success. The Overseas Worker’s Welfare Administration constantly reminds our OFW to do the following things when they are abroad: OWWA advices our OFWs to learn and understand the host country’s language; for them to respect the culture, traditions, and practices of the host country. To follow their work contract; abide by laws, rules, and regulations of their host country. They also advice our ‘modern heroes’ to not carry, use, or sell drugs, substances, compounds and chemicals classified as illegal in the host country; they should not accept any hand-carried package from anyone unless they are sure that what is inside the package is considered safe. Many people have been arrested and jailed for carrying firearms and drugs without their knowledge. OWWA also recognize that OFWs must not engage in activities which are considered illegal in their host country (gambling/lotto, liquor/alcohol use, cybersex, possession, and/or sale of pirated video materials and/or obscene materials/articles); OFWs must not lend their laptops to friends and acquaintances who may use them for illegal purposes. The agency also advices OFWs to not live beyond their means and to avoid falling into a debt trap. They must resist to believe in get-rich-quick scams. Examples of these are text messages that you have won in an electronic lottery, e-mails offering to transfer huge amount of money to your bank account. Third, is for them to find a proper support group. With their family and friends thousands of miles away, loneliness will definitely creep in. They might also get a nagging feeling that’ll tell them to pack their bags and head back home. Fortunately, this is the age of the Global Filipino. OFWs may run a search on Filipino organizations that are present in their new city. The best way to build relationships is to go out and make friends with the people in your community. They can ease the I-want-to-go-home pangs by keeping their family updated. It is crucial to be open to your family by telling them what is happening to you, this might give them an idea on how they can support and inspire you in their own little ways. The internet can provide our OFWs with free tools to communicate with their love ones for free. The fourth way to be a successful OFW is to know where to put your profit. Figuring out a savings plan is already quite a challenge for the overseas Filipino worker who prioritizes sending money for household needs, children’s education expenses and debt payments. Although there is no â€Å"one size fits all† investment option that is applicable to everyone, every Filipino working abroad should save and invest their hard earn money. Unfortunately, according to the 2012 Q1 Consumer Expectations Survey (CES) conducted by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP), investing earnings may not be a priority for OFWs for now, as it reflects that only 8.5% of OFW households allocate money for investment. For our OFWs to maintain their hard earned wealth, they should always assess their income. OFWs should only invest in something if they have carefully planned and checked if they can afford it. Owning a property has so many advantages that many websites advices our OFWs to invest in properties. Its advantages includes the following; you can call it as your own, it has sentimental value especially it’s the first property the OFW bought. Also its value appreciates over time. They should also avoid spending on expensive items and luxuries. Buying material things such as expensive a watches or a brand new car, things you couldn’t afford before, is not advisable. There are stories that some Overseas Filipino Workers tend to be impulsive buyers due to the increase in income. OFWs sometimes ignore important things such as investing on income generating assets like bonds and government securities, which are absolutely important things to acquire for investment purposes. They must learn how to spend wisely. It is unavoidable to spend on unnecessary things but OFWs must try to control themselves when faced with that situation. They should always think of the main goal of why they need to work abroad in the first place and live miles away from your loved ones. They should also send an appropriate amount allowance to their family. Try not to give extra money to them. This way, they are forced to organize their expenses and make them prioritize, more importantly teach them how to fish and not just keep on giving them the fish so to speak. To sum it all up, this paper presents four ways on how to be a successful OFW. This includes that you go through the legal processes in which OFWs are required to undergo before leaving the country, this is very important for the government because it means that they can do their job of monitoring and protecting the welfare and rights of our OFWs smoothly. The second way is to follow simple rules or reminders given by the government. This is to ensure the safety of our OFWs in their host country, because there are a handful of OFWs getting in trouble abroad because they did illegal things like drug smuggling. Not only will it cause big trouble for yourself if you happen to be caught doing illegal things, but our OFWs must always remember that the whole country’s name is with them. The third point is to find a support group, being away from everyone you know might cause sadness, and oftentimes, depression; the diaspora of Filipinos all over the world may help solve this problem . Our OFWs abroad may run a search on the internet of the Filipino communities or organizations near his/her city, they may also utilize the internet to contact their families at home. The fourth point is to learn how to save money. There are a lot of OFWs who can’t make money last in their hands. Our OFWs should always keep in mind and in their hearts why they need to go abroad, and that is to raise themselves out of poverty, or in some cases make life comfortable for their families at home. In this paper, I classified success as the attainment of happiness, and I believe that these ways might help them with their pursuit of happiness. Indeed, being an OFW itself is a tough job, and being a successful one is a tougher task; but nothing is impossible if you set your heart and mind on it.

Negotiation styles & strategies

The teachers were very un-collaborative in their approach towards the negotiation and seemed quite unwilling to bend in their resolve not to accept the proposal offered by the board of Education. The teachers basically attempted to force the hand of the board by deciding to go on a strike. Considering that the area had only recently suffered from the effects of the September 11 strike on the Twin Towers and that there was some amount of adjusting to be done, the teachers seem to have manipulated the situation in order to achieve their objectives.The strike commenced only a few hours after the end of an agreed moratorium period according to Hanley (2001a). This is suggesting that little or inadequate attempt was made to pursue peaceful negotiations prior to decide to enter into an industrial strike. Furthermore the teachers made no attempt to relent or relax their position but were willing, even under punishment of imprisonment, to hold firm to their original position without any or l ittle adjustments or compromise. The board wanted to increase the teachers’ maximum contributions to the health insurance scheme from $250 to $860 (Hanley & Jacobs, 2001). The teachers were adamant in refusing any sort of increasing wanting the figure to remain as was.So determined was their resolve that at the time of the unsuccessful conclusion of the negotiations 225 teachers, secretaries and other union members had being jailed because of their refusal to obey the court order to return to work (Hanley, 2001c). Had the union leaders not decided on the 29th of November to instruct its members to obey the court order to return to work, the impasse would have probably continued with even more teachers being jailed.The union however, seemed at one point willing to relax the teachers’ position on the issue of the proposed increase in teachers’ contributions to the health fund. The teachers relaxed their positions partially when they agreed to a set of settlement r ecommendations proposed by the mediators which would have seen them compromising their position significantly. However the position of the board was even more adamant and thus no solution was arrived on the issue.The teachers attempted to justify their rejection of the proposal put forward to them. The proposal put forward by the board sought to increase maximum payments by about thirty per cent in one instant. This amount appears to be very unreasonable. Of course the board could not accept the teachers’ proposition that the fees stay as they were before. In their opinion, payments for teachers’ health benefits was costing the district much too much, approximately $8 million (Hanley & Jacobs, 2001). On the extreme though the proposed level of increase in itself appeared exorbitant and too great a percentage increase.Additionally the teachers felt that their proposal was a lot more reasonable. They suggested helping the board to cut costs by no longer requiring reimbur sements on prescriptions (Hanley, 2001b). This proposal would lead to saving on the part of the board and would also ensure that the teachers do not have to pay increased premiums. This alternative seems like a very feasible position but the board was not willing to negotiate on this issue.On the 29th of November the teachers were instructed by their union leaders to return to work even though the negotiations had not concluded and there was no decision on the issue. It would seem in this regard that the teachers were the ones to have lost because, aside from being imprisoned for a few days, they have to suffer the embarrassment of returning to work without their original demands being met.It would therefore seem that the teachers did not carry out the negotiations as best as they could since they did not end up reaching a reasonable solution. A number of factors could have contributed to this failure suggesting of course, that the teachers erred in a few areas. First the teachers d id not choose an appropriate time to commence the industrial strike. While, in their view the matter seemed to be urgent, they did not consider the psychological environment at the time. The area had only recently been affected by the terrorist bombing of the World Trade Centers. The district was still recovering from the effects of this national disaster and therefore it was not appropriate for the teachers to strike at this particular time.In addition the teachers did not garner enough support from the community. Hanley & Jacobs (2001) point out that â€Å"it was hard to find support for the teachers among Middletown residents.† The members of the community were upset that the teachers chose such an inappropriate time to strike. They were also concerned about the welfare of the students who would be without instruction until the issue was resolved.Probably a meeting with the parents of students prior to going on a strike could have explained the seriousness of the teachersà ¢â‚¬â„¢ position to them and asked for support. In addition many parents did not agree that in that economic climate that the proposed increase was as terrible as the teachers were making it out to be. The fact that there was not widespread support for the teachers’ strike may have pushed the union to demand its teachers back in the classroom even though negotiations were not finalized.Finally the teachers themselves seemed not to have entered the negotiation with a correct mindset. They seemed only to be heading for a win/win decision and were not willing to lose not even a little bit. The option they proposed to the board, though it sounded reasonable, did not see them compromising as significantly as they expected the board to compromise to meet their demands. The teachers were unwilling to collaborate effectively to come to a decision feasible and acceptable to both sides.REFERENCESHanley, R. (2001a, Nov 30). Abrupt Walkout by Teachers Closes Schools in Middletown, N.J. T he New York Times. (Late Edition (East Coast)), D5.Hanley, R. (2001b, Dec 4). New Jersey Teachers Jailed for Continuing to Strike. The New York Times. (Late Edition (East Coast)), D1.Hanley, R. (2001c, Dec 8). In Middletown, A Strike Ends Without a Deal For Teachers. The New York Times. (Late Edition (East Coast)), D1.Hanley, R. & Jacobs, A. (2001, Dec 6). Teachers' Strike Grows Angrier, But Support of Residents Is Elusive. The New York Times. (Late Edition (East Coast)), D1.

Trade Union Development

Trade Union Development in Jamaica & Trinidad & Tobago Trade Unionism: Hugh W. Springer ? Trade Unionism is an instrument of social change and progress. It had to be invented because it is a necessary part of the apparatus of democratic government in modern industrial society. In the West Indies the Trade Union Movement came into existence as part of the larger movement for the freedom and independent nationhood. ?Economic Conditions that contributed to Discontentment in the Region ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1st Great Depression late 19th Century Low Wages / Increased mechanisation of processes (affected mostly women) Rising Prices / Rising Cost of Living Increasing Unemployment & Underemployment Reduction in Working Hours 1929 Financial Crisis in the USA Other: – – – No Machinery to air grievances Lack of political and legal rights Unsanitary working conditions Role of the Media ? ? ?Dissemination of information that reached the masses (Newspapers) but National Newspaper pro moted capitalist interests Audio and Visual information through Radio broadcast and news reels at cinemas Case: A group of intellectuals developed a radical critique that help to shape a new political culture in Trinidad, they did so through – – – – A literary journal called Trinidad The beacon magazine There was also a similar type of vehicle used in Jamaica called the Plain Talk, a Garveyite weekly newspaper edited by Alfred Mendez & Public Opinion used by local intellectuals to write letters and articlesWorld Events as well as Social Factors that Contributed to Greater Levels of Consciousness at a Regional Level attacks on the Abyssinians – aroused anti-white feelings among the blacks ? Italian ? The repatriation of Labourers who had gone to Latin America ?Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association – which increased class solidarity and the advocacy of Trade Unionism as well as it contributed to the spread of Marxist id eas – workers had taken power and property from the Capitalist ? Russia ? Ex-servicemen returning home after World War 1Welcome to Jamaica â€Å"Gud feh si yuh† Conditions Unique to Jamaica ? ? ? ? ? Crisis in Banana Production Mass migration in Kingston and St. Andrew Areas (urban) The Radicalisation of Waterfront Workers The influence of Marcus Garvey (who was deported back to JA from the US in1927) The Emergence of Rastafarianism – Leonard Howell Late 19th Century ? ? ? Angry protest broke out in many of the colonies Trade Unions were still illegal At least 16 serious disturbances occurred between 1884-1905 according to Bolland – – Most in Jamaica (1884,1894,1895,1901,1902 & 1912) Trinidad 1903Jamaica ? ? ? The largest economy of the region They took the lead in confronting the Colonial Power-Structure Their history of rebellion – – Maroons victory in 1738 Morant Bay Rebellion in 1865 – in which Governor Eyre had to expediti ously abolish the Representative type Government and it found approval with the colonial office – New Constitution introduced – Crown Colony The Representative Type of Government Governors (representing the Imperial Powers) Conflict over power in the system particularly concerning finance Legislators (local vested Interest)Local Crown Colony Structure Resident Governor (Autocratic Power) Executive Council (Policy – making) Legislative Assembly Nominated (majority) / Elected (minority) Jamaica ? Brief Overview – – – Prior to emancipation (during apprenticeship) there was a noticeable trek of wage labour Land acquisition had become popular among former slaves By the 1860s the majority of the labour force comprised of small farmers, peasants, rural (nonstate) labourers and independent semi-skilled tradesman – growing Black Middle Class Jamaica Pre 1930 ? ? ?Between World War I & II, there were more vocalising of colonial exploitation and oppression The Mass movement Bedwardism, a quasireligious body of unemployed labourers was becoming popular The movement of Garveyism – philosophy of negritude improvement and denunciation of the white-power regime – United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) Jamaica Pre 1930 Cont’d ? ? Both Bedwardism & Garveyism as Mass Movements suffered from the alienation of the Middle-Class Jamaicans But the Middle Class too was involved in the struggle with several quasi-political & nationalist organisations – – –Social Reconstruction League The National Reform Association The Jamaica Progressive League Early Organised Labour ? ? ? Workers at the Kingston Ice Factory went on strike in 1917 and several were imprisoned In 1918 tram and dock workers began organising Several strikes took place in 1918 as a matter of fact a strike among sugar workers resulted in violent police action where 3 people were killed and several others injuredEarly Organised La bour Con’t ? ? ? In 1919 railway workers formed a ‘union under cover’ called the Workingmen’s Cooperative Association Bain-Alves with the help of Alfred Mends formed the Jamaican federation of Labour (JFL) – a group of small unions The JFL petitioned the Governor for legal and official recognition for Trade Unions, which saw the TU Law became law in Oct. 25th 1919 The Trade Union Law ? ? ? Conferred legal status on registered Trade Unions and protected them from prosecution for conspiracy and unlawful combinations It did not confer immunity for Union and workers from liability of tort or breach of Contract It did not legalise peaceful picketing The strikes and organisation of workers in 1917 & 1918 provided the necessary pressure that resulted in the legalisation of TUs Post 1930 ? ? ? ? ?Labour protest took place in 1935 along the North Coast although it was peaceful, armed forces were sent One person died, several people injured and several arrest s were made In 1936 the Jamaica Workers and Tradesmen Union (JWTU) was formed and lead by A. G. S. Coombs and H. C. Buchanan Hunger marches followed in Kingston and Spanish Town led by L. W. Rose, a shoemaker and by UNIA organiser L. E. Barnett In 1937 there was a middle class reform – the National Reform Association (NRA) – Noel Nethersole (President); Ken Hill (Secretary) and F. A.Glasspole – they had formed a radical, socially active network Post 1930 Cont’d ? ? ? ? Manley’s Jamaicans’ Labour Party was launched in April 1937 Manley had won the trust of the Colonial Officials He had refused to run for elections as well as to become the president of the NRA saying that the problems in Jamaica were social and economic not political So up to 1938 the two most serious attempts to organize working people were the JWTU and the Poor Man’s Improvement Land Settlement and Labour Association (PMILSLA) William Alexander Bustamante ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Opportunitist or Hero of the Working class?While Coombs and Buchanan were financially pressed in an attempt to organize workers into the JWTU, they accepted assistance from Bustamante, who was a money lender He became the Union’s Treasurer in 1936 He went to Cuba at the age of 21, then moved to Panama a few years later before moving back to Cuba In 1928 he tried a dairy business in Jamaica but by 1932 he was in New York calling himself Alejandro Bustamanti In 1934 he finally returned to Jamaica He became a prolific writer of letters to the press and in 1936 was speaking at meetings, thus gaining popularity Bustamante challenged Coombs for the leadership of the JWTU but Coombs resigned before it could officially happened Bustamante after facing opposition from Coombs supporters quitted from the Union April – June 1938 ? ? ? ? ? According to Bolland – first was the riot and strike at Frome Estate in Westmoreland between April 29th – May 2nd Protest, S trikes and uprising in Kingston between May 2nd – May 28th – Mainly Dock workers Many Demonstrations, Riots and ‘Rolling Strikes’ throughout the Island between May 23rd – June 11th All of which were confronted by the armed forces Bustamante and Grant were charged with Sedition, inciting people to assemble unlawfully and refusing to move on when ordered to and taken to jail Cont’d ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? With the incarceration of the two Manley took a more prominent role using the ame strategy as Bustamante as a mediator opposed to trade union leader A state of emergency was declared By this time Bustamante was becoming a martyr and Hart and Buchanan did not want workers to return to work until Bustamante and Grant were released The Dock workers also did not want Manley’s advice In essence, Manley’s role as mediator was accepted by the Government and Employers but was rejected by the Waterfront workers This laid the foundation for the Bustamante Industrial Trade Union (BITU) according to Bolland The Governor appointed a board of conciliation In response Manley announced the creation of a Labour Committee which was the foundation of the Labour Party in Jamaica (political strategy) Hart and Buchanan cooperated with the committee Cont’d ? ? ?Manley was instrumental in the release of Bustamante on May 28th 1938 who was greeted by a large crowd but he claimed credit for doing better than Manley in terms of negotiating increases on their behalf Because of this impression created by Bustamante he was able to get workers to return to work Both cousins then worked with the Conciliation Board to settle other claims before it Rebellions after the Release of Bustamante ? ? ? ? ? ? On May 30 Mandeville in Manchester was full of demonstrations Roads were blocked and telephone wires cut in Santa Cruz and Black River in St Elizabeth Banana workers were on strike in St Mary, St Cathrine and Portland The strike at Prospect Estate in Hanover and Islington on June 2nd and 3rd respectively Several people were killed and more injured Both Bustamante and Manley travelled around the country trying to get strikers to accept offers made to them as they saw the bigger problem being unemployment Aftermath ? ? ? ? ? ? ?The state intervened with a land settlement scheme, tools, seeds, etc According to the Commissioner’s report eight people were killed, scores injured both law enforcers and civilians and over four hundred person were convicted and given punishments Rivalry emerged between the two cousins Manley founded the People's National Party (PNP) – British Fabian Socialism in September 1938 – Nationalistic An autocratic style of leadership was developed by Bustamante Bustamante registered his Union on 23rd January 1939 – Bustamante Industrial Trade Union (BITU) – labouristic The rules constituted him as president for life and gave him power to control its funds and to appoi nt a committee of Management – authoritarian style of leadership Disunity ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Within the Trade Union Movement itself there was a rivalry between Bustamante (President of BITU) and Coombs (President of JWTU) The BITU was growing rapidly and leaders from the JWTU were changing alliances But the JWTU remained popular among the banana and dock workers in St James After a worker who was also a member of the JWTU told Grant (BITU) his union is not wanted there an altercation ensued Bustamante then called an Islandwide strike Some workers heeded to the call and as a result a State of Emergency was issued The strike was a major failure and blow to the TU movement Disunity Cont’d ? ? ? Bustamante broke the truce and broke away from the Trade Union Advisory Council Protection from state for â€Å"strike breakers† Despite the evidence of need for unity the movements remained divided Analysis of the Rebellion ? Locality – – Rural – interest in land ownership Urban – more proletarianised ? ? ? Relations between Capital and Labour Levels of consciousness and organization of workers Known contradictions by the state Impact of the Rebellion in Jamaica ? ? ? ? ? ?It provided an experience in labour politics that irreversibly changed the colony’s political culture It wrung several concessions from the colonial government Bustamante and Manley were promoted to the status of Leaders of the Labour and Nationalist Movement Appointment of a board of Conciliation – to settle labour disputes and make recommendations to relieve unemployment – this was also an indication of acceptance for negotiation between employees and employers Changes were made in the Jamaica’s Constitution in 1944 where the British-style Westminster Model was adopted The achievement of Universal Suffrage in 1944 Jamaica in the 1940s ? ? ? ? ? Bustamante was arrested from September 8th 1940 to 8th February 1942 Manley and the PNPà ¢â‚¬â„¢s left stepped in to revive the BITU There was a call from the PNP’s left wing for unity between the movements based on race and class consciousness which contributed to the growth of the anti-colonial and nationalist movement The PNP headed by Manley advocated for constitutional reform by demanding a Bicameral legislature.Manley was also in favour of a Federation After Bustamante’s release the coalition was solidified between the BITU and the PNP with the mandate of changing the government but this collaboration was brief and ended in February 1942 Jamaica in the 1940s ? ? ? ? ? ? Despite the truce to keep the peace strikes broke out in St Thomas in 1940 (sugar workers) Leaders started demanding the publication of the Moyne Commission Report All strikes failed In 1942 there was an imposing of several restrictions through legislation again – Defence Projects and Essential Services (Trade Disputes) order Mid-1942 Jamaica was in serious crisis – incr eased unemployment The Citizens Emergency Council (CEC) was formed in May 1942 and included groups such as JTUC, JUWU, UNIA, FCA, Jamaica Union of Teachers as well as the Capitalist Association Jamaica in the 1940s ? ? ? ? ? ?Henry and several other union activists lost their jobs on the railway and as a result they started to organise government workers Richards moved to have the unions not recognised as he saw potential danger for the transport system The Authorized Associations (Government Departments) (Defence) Regulation was passed to make it impossible for non-government employees to lead unions as it forbid membership of persons who were not government employees The GREU in particular cabled Citrine to intervene and Manley filed for an injunction against the Governor The 4Hs were detained under the same regulation but eventual the British government revoked it and restored the right for government employees to select their own officials These efforts however did not equate in to similar numbers as the BITU base Manley / PNP / NWU’s Operations ? ? ? ? Manley’s PNP contributed to the constitutional change towards self-government in 1943 Aimed at uniting all the classes in Jamaica The PNP’s policy was formally socialist Manley expelled the â€Å"4 Hs† in 1952 and formed the National Workers Unions (NWU) which was largely responsible for his victory in the 1955 elections Bustamante / BITU / JLP ? ? ? ? ? ?Bustamante did not really campaign for constitutional reform but was priming himself for the opportunity when it came through the formation of the Jamaica Labour Party (JLP) Instead the JLP advocated a conservative reformist policy which aimed to narrow the socio-economic gap JLP was supported by the old propertied elite In essence there was the formation of an alliance between the leading labour leader and the leading capitalist The BITU won elections in 1946 and as Minister of Communications became a source of additional power and as a promotional opportunity The BITU also expanded its power through closed shop agreements and took a law & order stance in dealing with IA Violent Clashes Between the BITU/JLP & PNP/NWU ? ? On October 20th 1947 – at Trench Pen left several BITU/JLP members dead and wounded PNP Supporter – J. Nicholas after being threatened by the BITU gang shot and killed Clifford Reid Jamaica Conclusion ? ? The evolution of self-government weakened the ability of organised labour to influence class structure and class relations Political reforms created competitions within the labour movement at the expense of meaningful social change Trinidad and TobagoAn Overview ? ? ? ? ? ? Slavery had lasted a relatively short period of time in T compared to Jamaica and other Islands The Building up of the Mass Movement was much slower because there was no common base upon which that spirit of national consciousness could have been forged Middle class support however, was quicker and forthc oming The earliest and longest lasting organisation of working people in the British Caribbean was the Trinidad Workingmen’s Association (TWA) – 1897 – it had two divisions TWA was involved in Political reform than it was in Trade Unionism By WWI there was no organisation devoted to the rank-andfile workers’ T Pre 1930 ? ? ?The general social system mirror that of the UK In the 1830s in the UK Trade Unions had not been fully established It was only in the latter half of the 19th Century that the legislative and institutional framework was attaining that stage of development which would enable a free labour movement to emerge T Pre 1930 Cont’d ? ? ? ? ? In 1917 workers in oil and asphalt industries were involved in serious disturbances The strikes had all failed Strikers were arrested and some were given prison sentences The TWA by 1919 became the main agency for collective political and industrial action Although still illegal organised Labour was clearly progressing Three Main Sectors ? ? Sugar Cocoa †¢Prices depressed due to drop in world prices in early 1920s (2nd Great Depression) †¢ mechanisation of the production processes – increased unemployment ? Oil – although substantial profits – workers earned little T Post 1930 ? ? ? ?New radical leadership started to develop Politically motivated militant groups began to agitate and organise workers including the unemployed TWA had become less effective and united as an organisation A rival organisation called the Trinidad and Tobago Trade Union centre was formed and gained popularity in the 1930s T Post 1930 Cont’d ? ? ? ? ? The Trade Union Ordinance came into being in 1932 It made Trade Unions legal However it did not legalise peaceful picketing and provided immunity for them from legal actions for damages arising out of strike actions In 1934 however, Butler did not register a Trade Union instead it was a political party named Trinidad L abour Party (TLP) There was increasing dissatisfaction within the TWA/TLP over Cipriani’s authoritarian leadership T Post 1930 Cont’d ? ? ?A series of hunger marches and demonstrations were taking place between 1933-1935 Several new organisations were formed and they attacked Cipriani’s leadership of the Labour movement, mobilised workers and initiated new, radical labour politics In fact there was a hunger march to the Governor in the Red House in June 1933 T Post 1930 Cont’d ? ? In 1934 the National Unemployment Movement formed by Elma Francois, Jim Barrette and Jim Headley who organised demonstrations that spread like wildfire through the country By 1935 the NUM had transformed itself into an organisation with more broadly defined goals but narrower social base, the Negro Welfare Cultural and Social Association (NWCSA) T 1935 – Activities that paved the way for the Labour Riots of 1937 ? ? ? ? ? ? Apex Oilfields went on strike During a hungry ma rch to POS organised byButler and Rojas they were stopped by police and Cipriani This event marked the start of Butler’s rise as a labour leader in the oilfields of southern Trinidad Links were also made between Butler and NWCSA The Trinidad Citizens’ League (TCL) founded by Adrian Cola Rienzi who was crazed about Indian nationalism and world socialism Butler and Rojas were a part of the TCL as well 1936 ? ? ? Butler started his party called the British Empire Workers and Citizens Home Rule Party (BEWCHRP) He declared himself â€Å"Chief Servant† He was not a revolutionary but a traditional leader according to Bolland†¦. he had socialist and anti-imperialist ideas like Rienzi and NWCSA who really provided leadership direction and organisation for the emergence of Trade UnionsWhere there Employers Organisations all the while? ? Yes T 1937 ? ? ? Poor working conditions fuelled labour riots and strikes from June 1937 Tubal Uriah Butler had become the catalyst that was needed for industrial action in the oil districts Butler and his organisers planned peaceful (sit-down) strikes restricted to the Oil Industry June 1937 ? ? ? The strikes were carded for June 22nd but due to information from the armed forces it was brought forward to June 18th It was an island-wide labour Crisis that involved all industries including Tobago Few people died including a police officer and several were injured This will take us to Charlie King Junction State Intervention ? ? ? ? ? ? ?The Governor came up with a double policy of ‘conciliation’ and ‘repression’ He announced that he would seek a settlement ‘which will be fair to employers and employees alike’ A State of Emergency was declared on June 26th A committee of the Executive Council was appointed to hear the workers’ grievances and seek reconciliation The Governor proposed new rates (minimum wages) for Government Workers Oil companies agreed to raise the mini mum wage and shorten working hours A commission of inquiry was also launched into the disturbances Collective Bargaining ? On July 25th 1937 a committee of oil workers publicly announce their intention for a union to conduct negotiations via the process of Collective Bargaining The fact that Trinidad had become the British empire’s largest producer of oil ‘was an important determinant of imperial policy towards the labour disturbances’ By the end of 1937†¦.. ? Six Unions had gained official recognition from the colonial government, they were: – – – – – –Amalgamated Building & Wood Workers Trade Union – 1st to register Oilfield Workers Trade Union (OWTU) All Trinidad Sugar Estates and Factory Workers Trade Union Federated Workers Trade Union Seamen & Waterfront Workers Trade Union Public Works Workers Trade Union The Colonial Government in T ? ? ? ? Governor Fletcher admittedly expressed concern over the extrem ely low wages paid to workers especially in the sugar and oil industries Nankivell, the colonial secretary was even more outspoken, he pointed out that the cost of living was increasing and the Government’s revenue increased as industries prospered while workers situation had continued to get worse They displayed a more humane view of workers than Employers But it was short lived as pressure from the capital class amounted and Fletcher opted to strengthens laws at the detriment of Trade UnionsImpact of the Rebellion in T ? ? ? The commission recommended – the creation of a labour department – the appointment of a labour officer to act as mediator and arbitrator between employer and employees – The establishment of an Industrial Court – An amendment to the workers’ compensation law to include agricultural labourers On the other hand however laws were passed to strengthen sedition, restrain public meeting and public speakers and they also made illegal for more than ten persons to gather in public These represented Labour, legislative and Political reforms and employee rights such as the right to negotiate and air grievances Impact Cont’d ? ? ? ? ? Development of an organised advanced labour movement between 1937 and 1939 Universal suffrage Uniting of races to put forward a class struggle Rienzi established the Committee of Industrial Organisation (CIO) which was a precursor to the TTTUC which formed in 1939 Proliferation of labour rights as human Rights issues But these civil/human rights did not address the discrimination of women in Labour According to Bolland ? â€Å"The salience of race and class, and their relationship to the structure and fluctuating fortunes of the economy, were central to the emergence of the Labour movement in Trinidad† Industrial Action at its Best ? ? ? ? ? ?Clement Payne referred to a strike put on by women working in a garment factory who were demanding increased wages and bett er living conditions when negotiations broke down in 1939 After a week of strike other workers from other factories joined in, in sympathy Conciliation had failed Other Unions pledged assistance and supported a boycott of all the stores displaying the clothing Although the employers tried to break the strike by using strike breakers, it did not work They gained 12% wage increase, an eight hour day, 2 weeks annual vacation, protective clothing & a system of shop-floor representation Further Organization ? ? ? The OWTU was represented by Rienzi and Mentor at the 2nd Guianese and West Indian Labour Conference in British Guiana The Trinidad and Tobago Trades Union Council was formed in March 1939 and was modelled after the British TUC Scholarships were made available from the British TUC for Trade Unionists to study abroad Moyne Commission (1938 – 1939) Recommendations ? ? ? ? ? ?The enactment of laws to protect trade unions from actions for damages consequent on strikes; legalis ation of peaceful picketing; compulsory registration of Trade Unions; and audit of their funds Interim Labour departments /officers to cover the period until Trade Unions can play a decisive role in the regulation of wages and conditions of employment The appointment of a Labour Advisor at the Comptroller of the West Indian Welfare Fund who would maintain close liaison with Labour Officers/Departments The establishment of a Labour Department in the Colonial Office and the appointment of a Labour advisory Committee whose members are experts in Labour and colonial questions The creation of wages boards as a means of fixing wages preferable t legislation The establishment of an Industrial Court for the West Indies Moyne Commission (1938 – 1939) Recommendations ? ? ? ? ? The establishment of unemployment insurance Adequate factory inspection and factory legislation The adoption of a Workmen’s Compensation Scheme based on Canadian practice In the sugar industry – the imposition of welfare levies to finance welfare schemes They also recommended the following : – The appointment of women on all Boards and Local authorities which includes government office, judicial office and public office Butler ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Butler was working class and displayed an authoritarian leadership style OnMay 6th 1939 Butler was released from Prison He was incorporated into the OWTU Despite a clear procedure to deal with grievances and lack of the Union’s support, Butler urged workers to strike As a result he was expelled from the OWTU in August 1939 Butler continued to stir up unrest in the oil belt and was imprisoned until 1945 and continued to lead his BEWCHRP Butler major supporters were in the southern oil belts and they remained faithful to him so much so that the strike called by him in December 1946 was successful Butler was the only Labour leader that made a genuine attempt to unify the masses and was unwilling to compromise with employers and colonial administrators Disunities in the 1940s ? Divisions in the economy – – Imperial Capitalist (sugar and oil industries) Local Capitalist (cocoa, coconut and food crop sector) Indian Indentured labours African Trinidadians Middle Class leaders (Rienzi) Working class leaders (Butler) ? Divisions in the working class – – ? Divisions in the labour – – Sectoral Divisions that hampered an Unified Political Movement Divisions by Race African descent Indian Chinese European There were further divisions in terms of class, place of residence and religion.Political Activities in the 1940s ? ? ? ? ? Rienzi and the OWTU launched the Socialist Party of T (SPTT) in March 1941 There were some minor constitutional changes where the number of electives on the legislative council was increased from seven to nine and the number of electives on the executive council was increased to two Chief officers of the OWTU were also members of the TTTUC and in 1943 they advocated for Rienzi’s elevation to the EC This caused Gomes, Pitt and Joseph of the San Fernando Borough to turn against him In November of 1943 Rienzi’s SPTT nominees were defeated in the San Fernando Borough elections Political Activities in the 1940s Cont’d ? ? ? ? ? ?Soon after Pitt and Joseph formed the rival WINP (early 1942) The franchise committee put forward a report but Rienzi had a minority position which was supported by the Governor In February 1944 Rienzi was offered the position of acting Second Crown Council in the Colonial Service, a position he accepted and Rojas succeeded him at the OWTU In 1944 the EC increased to four but the Governor still was not obligated to go on the advise of this council In 1944 there was also the adoption of universal suffrage for all adults over 21 but candidates for election had to be literate in English, with an income not less than $960/yr or property valued at least $5,000. 00 Cipriani died in 1945 Politic al Activities in the 1940s Cont’d ? ? ? ? ? ?Elections were held on July 1st 1946 by this time Rienzi also exited the political arena In light of these two major losses to the political world new ambitions blossomed, the WINP although formed in 1942 became more active in 1944 and gained the support of the FWTU. In WINP was later converted into the United Front (UF) Some of the TLP leader left the organization and formed the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) both of which had no success in this election Three seats were won each to the UF and BEWCHRP, the SPTT won two and one to an independent candidate The major leaders failed to secure a win There was no self-government at this time Unrest in 1947-1949 ? ? ? ? ? ?The Public Works Union (PWU) called a strike in Port of Spain on January 8th 1947 App. 1200 of Butler’s supporters staged a protest march in through the capital Sugar Workers led by Ranjit Kumar who opposed the Sugar Workers Union went on strike on May 5th 1 947 OWTU admitted that the influx of Butlerites strengthened the Union in terms of militancy and size On April 28th 1949 Butler petitioned the Colonial Secretary in the UK and several of his supported protested against the new constitution which allowed for 8 of the 26 seated not to be elected On May Day the TTTUC held a demonstration in San Fernando and Butlers Party held one in Port of Spain Elections 1950 and beyond ? ? ? ? ? ?Elections 18th September 1950 Out of the 18 seats contested Butler’s Party – BEWCHRP won six seats The Trinidad Labour Party (TLP) and Political Progress Group (PPG) won two each, the Caribbean Socialist Party (CSP) won one and the other seven were won by independents, Gomes was the only other leader to be elected Two of the independents joined with the BEWCHRP and thus formed the largest group in the legislature (8 seats) Butler and his members were bypassed for a position of the Executive Council although he deserved it Butler attempted elec tions again in 1956 but was defeated by Eric Williams and the People’s National Movement (PNM) Industrial Stabilization Act 1965 ? During the early 1960s the industrial relations climate in Trinidad and Tobago was tense. There was an increasing number of strikes and labour disputes which threatened the economic growth and productivity of the country ? ? As a result the Industrial Stabilisation Act, 1965, was enacted Later repealed and replaced by the Industrial Relations Act , 1972, Chapter 88:01 Industrial Relations Act 1972 ? ? An Act to make better provision for the stabilization, improvement and promotion of industrial relations.The IRA provides for the following: – Free collective bargaining between employer and workers through their representative associations, – The development of a peaceful and expeditious procedure for the settlement of disputes, – The establishment of the Industrial Court, – The recognition and registration of trade union s, – The freedom to be represented by a trade union and the right not to associate, and – Industrial action which may be taken by both employer and employee In Short Trade Union Movement Decolonisation (the establishment of democratic Westminster-style) Independence (the middle classes controlled political parties) Regional and International Alliances ? ? ? ?The TTTUC progressed into other alliances such as: The Caribbean Labour Congress (CLC) began in 1945 World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) 1st conference was held in 1945 CODORIT and its parent ORIT who were financially dependent on the AFL External Factors that also affected the Trade Movement Post 1930 ? ? ? ? The second World War (WW2) – 1939-1945 The decline of the British Empire The rise of the United Sates of America The Cold War – 1947-1991 Globalisation ? Is one of the reasons why a regional body was not formed. Issues of foreign investments, potential for wealth accumulation which depended largely on competition. Facts of Both Countries Jamaica Trinidad & TobagoTripartite Labour Relation & Industrial disputes Act 1975 (A1978 & 1986) Ministry of Labour – advise, direction, conciliation, Pay & conditions of employment, monitors Tripartite Industrial Stabilization Act 1965 Industrial Relations Act 1972 Ministry of Labour – conciliation Trade Union Act 1919 Majority Trade Union – representational ballot Joint Industrial Councils Industrial Disputes Tribunal (decision not final) Trade Union Ordinance 1933 Trade Union Act 1950 Majority Trade Union according to Law No industry wide negotiations Industrial Court Fact of both Countries Cont’d Jamaica Trinidad & Tobago Collective Agreements not legally binding Collective Agreements legally bindingIndustrial Action permissible only for Industrial Action permissible for interest disputes interest disputes No legal right to strike 20% Union Density as at 1988 Legal right to strike 25% Union Density as a t 1988 Sequence of Institutional Building ? ? ? Jamaica – the trade union movement provided the base for political party growth (struggles there gave raise to constitutional reform) T – similar to that of Jamaica (constitutional changes towards universal suffrage and self government gave rise to political parties) Therefore literature refers to it as the politics of labour which impacted the culture of politics throughout the Caribbean Conclusion ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Similar conditions exist today Similar conclusions/recommendations in all the inquiries Use the Police and the Police involvement in riots Treatment of leaders/organizers according to Elma Francois cited in Bolland â€Å"In Trinidad when the workers ask for bread they get bullets and jail sentences† There were two (2) sectors in upper classes (i) the colonial Power/officials and (ii) the capitalist, where the capitalist was backed by the colonial state Socio-Economic situation remained intact despite co nstitutional reform Rulers became authoritarian The weakness of the Labour and Nationalist Movement was the fact individuals wanted to pursue there selfish ambitions Labour colleges were formed in both countries References ? ? ? ? ? ? On the March: Labour rebellion in the British Caribbean, 1934-1939 – O. Nigel Bolland The Politics of Labour in the British Caribbean: The Social Origins of Authoritarianism and Democracy in the Labour Movement – O. Nigel Bolland Rise and Organise: The Birth of the Workers and National Movement in Jamaica – Richard Hart Report of the West India Commission – The Moyne Commission Labour Education in the British Caribbean ed. Rawle Farley – education for Trade Unionist Trade Unionism and Industrial Relations in the Commonwealth Caribbean: History, Contemporary Practice and Prospect – Lawrence Nurse

Interpreting the First Amendment of the Constitution Essay

The notion of being free to choose whatever religion a citizen wants to posses is notoriously known to be a liberty dictated by the first amendment. â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof,† (A-18 Brinkley) are the famous words of the constitution. Yet, this same law also states that the legislative branch of the U. S. government does not have the authority to favor one religion over the other. In fact, it dictates that the government must remain secular when it comes to the affairs of religion as it cannot respect any one particular religion over another. Thus, there can never be a national religion, an American version of the Anglican Church, as it would hinder the government from preserving the freedom to choose between religions. The other liberties guaranteed by this amendment were the rights of speech, the press, â€Å"or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and petition the Government for a redress of grievances† (A-18 Brinkley). These are all liberties that allow for the citizens of the nation to protest the government. Civilians can protest through their speech, which may hold accusatory claims against the government, in public areas. Americans are allowed the right to publish grievances in the press, free of censorship from a legislative body, as well. These are liberties that allow for organizations to spread information and knowledge over any form of tyranny they may feel the government bestows onto the population. These are also lubricating actions that more easily allow for assemblies to form and confront the government over such issues. Really, the amendment is a formula for allowing the civilian populous to restrain the authority of the government.

Curriculum mapping

Answer to why curriculum mapping. Comprehensive curriculum maps promote higher achievement levels as the vision of the map is created by a team of education experts not only from within the school or system, but also includes central office personnel and instructional leaders. These education leaders involve all the teaching staff of the school to provide data and information about the content, skills, and assessments administered in their classes. Important skills, content, and assessments methods are chronologically addressed and cater to the schools academic calendar.Teaching load of each teacher is displayed on the map and this makes it very easy to review as the issues in sequencing of instruction become obvious and can be corrected easily if required. So curriculum mapping is an effective tool to improve teaching skills of the teachers and competency levels of the learner. It is also an effective process for documenting and analyzing what is being taught and when. A very import ant benefit of this mapping is the teachers can quickly gauge what students mastered in the preceding grade and plan teaching without wasting time and effort on unnecessary reviewing and re-teaching.Precious teaching time is appropriately utilized in building skills and improves knowledge levels. A well organized curriculum map ensures same time line for a given subject topic, being uniformly practiced in all the classes of the same grade. Learning is made more relevant by identifying common points which means overlaps in course content. Interdisciplinary connections can be made by the teachers in their lesson plans. The students too identify and link information among courses and the teachers can plan lessons at a higher level.In a nutshell all important educational and curricular activities are reflected for every classroom within a department, school, or district level. Total education of the students in a school is effectively addressed. The information is so organized that it p resents and provides a timeline of instruction of the complete course for all the teachers. Hayes-Jacobs (1997) said, â€Å"Curriculum mapping amplifies the possibilities for long-range planning, short-term preparation, and clear communication†.A curriculum map developed by the teachers in the school helps them to effectively communicate about the course content and related skills that will be used in the classroom. All teaching lesson plans are modified to cater for all the students in class. Teaching program developed in collaboration with other educators and experts in the field always have cohesive instructions because they are evolved by integrating curriculum with content standards leading to formation of customized curriculum guides. Teachers can develop a Blue print for teaching objectives to coordinate instruction both horizontally and vertically.(Kathy Tuchman Glass 2007) shows teachers how to develop a customized, personalized process to prepare their curriculum wh ile folding content into a larger curriculum map. Curriculum map is an excellent resource not only for teachers but helps curriculum directors, staff developers, and principals to lead there teachers to evolve an academic calendar map for a complete session to educate their students. The components of this mapping serve as a benchmark to determine what students should know and be able to do.It provides an action plans for school leaders and provides processes to make standards manageable. Educators are able to translate there mission and vision in an effective manner. Not only the school managers the teachers are able to share resources and are able to teach beyond the facts. Public schools can plan to produce thinkers in place of core thinkers with this concept of integrated content plans. Educators who have adopted curriculum mapping, found this is a practical approach to create the culture and structure needed to effectively align curriculum and meet standards.Roles of district l eaders, curriculum directors, principals, and teacher leaders are defined pointing at leadership strategies for each phase, including discussion of roles and responsibilities. The initiative also provides information and facilitates how leaders can create professional development maps and professional roles maps. In most of the public schools it became clear that a curriculum mapping exercise was an essential backbone to any decision about innovative teaching as it highlighted the depth of innovative activity that is needed to make teaching relevant.Innovative teaching shifts the mindset from quantitative assessment that examines what students ‘know’ to a mindset of understanding, what students are ‘learning’ (Henri, 2002). A curriculum mapping exercise initiates ‘what is taught and when’ and also assists instructors in reflecting and adjusting their own lesson units (Payne, J. 2001). When referring to teaching topics educators often talk of te aching ‘topics’. The emphasis is on ‘teaching’ and ‘topics’. To be a curriculum practitioner you require understanding academic-practice knowledge and the array of curriculum work from policymaking to evaluation.Thomas W. Hewitt (2006). Change is inevitable hence it becomes important for students to explore and examines current issues. A good practitioner understands the necessity to keep mapping the learning path relating to current issues and trends that affect both the knowledge and the work of curriculum. When it comes to curriculum mapping, for many educators, â€Å"there is a gap between the compass and the clock – between what’s deeply important to us and the way we spend our time† (Covey, Merrill & Merrill, 1994, p. 16). Sometimes the time factor to convert perspective into practice is ignored at the managerial level.Experienced teachers cannot digest the fact that after effectively teaching for more than a decade w hy they need a curriculum map. Muhammad (2009) wrote, â€Å"Educators’ personal belief systems may be the most powerful variables perpetuating learning gaps in our public school system† (p. 14). At times in order to meet the deadlines of completing the course content teacher may not account for the learning pace of the students and overlook important aspects. According to Schmoker (2006), â€Å"Mere collegiality won’t cut it. Even discussions about curricular issues or popular strategies can feel good but go nowhere.The right image to embrace is a group of teachers who meet regularly to share, refine and assess the impact of lessons and strategies continuously to help increasing numbers of students learn at higher levels† (p. 178). References 1. Angela Koppang (2004) Curriculum Mapping: Building Collaboration and Communication Journal article by; Intervention in School & Clinic, Vol. 39 2. Bena Kallick, Jeff Colosimo, Heidi Hayes Jacobs (Jul 2008) Using C urriculum Mapping & Assessment Data To Improve Learning (Paperback) Publisher: Corwin Press 3. Janet A.Hale, Heidi Hayes Jacobs ( 2007) A Guide To Curriculum Mapping: Planning, Implementing, And Sustaining The Process 4. Thomas W. Hewitt (2006) Understanding and shaping curriculum: what we teach and why 5. Covey, S. R. , Merrill, A. R. , & Merrill, R. R. (1994). First things first. New York: Simon & Schuster. 6. Muhammad, A. (2009). Transforming school culture: How to overcome staff division. Bloomington, IN: Solution Tree. 7. Schmoker, M. (2006). Results now: How we can achieve unprecedented improvements in teaching and learning. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.

Tv Channels Project India in a Bad Light

TV Channels project India in a bad light Recently the rise of consumerism and a spurt in the number of satellites in the vicinity of our planet have led to rise in the number of TV Channels as well as their viewers across the country. We have specialized channels that cater to the different categories of human taste viz entertainment, music, news,sports,etc. The wider availability of channels helps the viewer to opt among them as per his or her choice. The news channels which are clubbed together in a word ‘media’ is one of the pillars of democracy. It is the moral duty of these news channels to bring the truth in front of the masses.Talking about our country,a nation which is second largest in the world in the terms of population and the largest effective electorate is truly an exemplar of democracy. Like any other nation,it is also laden with issues-both domestic as well as of international concerns. These news channels bear the social responsibility of imparting the n ews, the happenings,the incidents or accidents which should be nothing but the truth. Also the RTI Act empowers any common Indian citizen to go to the depths of affairs and have access to information povide its disclosure does not pose a grave threat to the security and integrity of the nation.The ‘truer’ picture sometimes become harsh and pretty inconvenient to be comestible but scandals and other activities of corruption need to be brought to general awareness. And, it is not only the darker side of affairs, it is also about the achievements and the milestones the country makes in the various spheres-sports, science, humanities,etc. We have several programmes on the national television that are oriented towards the cultural and economic welfare-be it related to the promotion of agriculture,tourism,industry,services,etc.Besides there are programmmes which highlight the nations prosperity, its geographical and cultural diversity and also encourage communal harmony. The consumer oriented channels which basically thrive on the TRP ratings,drama and screenplay is of prime concern to them which helps in a maintaining a certain class of audience bound to it. The audience is engrossed as the way the theme is displayed has a glamour, a pomp and show associated with it. For this, they may exaggerate certain situations or circumstances.Nonetheless,they impart a social message under the rosy spicy recipe of drama-be it child marriage,female foeticide,’honour’ killings,terrorism, etc. And, when a guy from the lower strata of society manages to win 5 crores in a game show by the dint of his knowledge and labour besides a grace of fortune,it clearly sends a strong signal to the society about the reachability of the capital to the masses. Last but not the least,the image of the news channels and the media might have been tainted over the issue of ‘paid’ news and the dubious string operations but their importance cannot be undermined a s a source of public information.There are reality shows which do not miss a opportunity to jeer at the widespread corruption but yes, one needs to appreciate them for their creativity for the ways they adopt to entertain people. It was an eminent personality of Bollywood who blogged regarding a movie getting Oscars with an acerbic response that the jury gets a kind of emotional satisfaction watching the widespread Indian poverty and the slums which the director of the movie has encashed upon. If that be the bitter truth, so be it.There are movies which highlight the unity , the cultural diversity , the celebrations in our country. It would be too early to conclude that TV Channels project our nation in a bad light. Frankly speaking, a sugar coated truth is the better word. Allowing mobile phones in class make students less serious in studies The world is getting smaller and we are living in the era of a ‘global village’ where communication and the exchange of ideas hap pens within the wink of an eye. Information is the key and the power,truly. And, there are several tools and gadgets that facilitate this flow of information.From print media to digital and electonic media, which are primarily used as means of mass communication, we have telephones and mobile phones which are important means of personal communication. Moreover, the recent splurge in the usage of gizmos and gazettes among the generation Y and the youngsters has becomea fad and a status symbol rather than a necessity and mobiles are no exception to it. Their use is not confined to a mere tete-a tete but incorporates several varied applications which diversifies their usage.And a modern day youngster would not be satisfied with a simple Nokia 3600 or1100. He or she would go for the more sophisticated or sleek designs provide there is no hole in the pocket created. Now, coming to the usage of mobile phones inside a class, there are norms which are both discipilnary and moral and make su fficient common sense,whch direct both the teacher/professor and the students who are partcipating in a lecture to put off their cells or keep them in such a mode which aviodsunnecessary distraction.But even the norms which are rarely followed in totto, and even when followed put a cap or restriction to their use as they are intended to. Ina large gatheing being addressed and lectured to,where it becomes increasingly difficult to keep track of each and every student, there are hubs created inside the class where students fail to get engrossed in the monotonous lectures and find their own ways to do away with the time to which cellphones prove to be a great aid.It may include sharing information regarding the latest cell that the neighbour has recently bought, or texting to the pal sitting at the other corner regarding the shabby outlook of the professor,to playing games like snakes,tetris or other advanced versions to listening to songs and watching videos(of all kinds) on the tiny screen. The world of SMSes ahs virtually made the students handicapped of writing anything sincerely as they still cannot help writing those abbreviations of informal chat even when they are writing an answer to aquestion which clearly indicates to their frivolous attitude.Adding to the worse of it,these students would just take a snapshot of te notes of a sincere and laborious classmate thinking that it would suffice and save my time and labour getting ‘wasted’. One may put forth the argument that even during the non mobile days there were always a section of students who were a source of nuisance and distraction by their activities . But the inadvertent entry of mobiles inside the classes provide innumerable creative ways to bolster their activities.A serious student who is trying his/her best to concentrate and attend the lecture would surely look askance at the slim mobile phone his pals are discussingabout for long. Now this seriously puts forward 2 very primary qu estions;first,why the pattern of education becomes so dread ful and tedious which call s for the students to distract and second, why cant we cater to the students interests and inclinations so that they are provided room to choose the lecture they want to attend?Mobile phones are just the present and a lame excuse for ignorance,we need to find the root cause and address it prooperly rather than to contemplate over its complete ban or usage. However, a partial ban like prohibiting its use during the class hours and allowing only after it, seems a temporary but an effective solution as per the need of the hour.

Critically discuss the relationships between tourism and leisure Essay - 1

Critically discuss the relationships between tourism and leisure behaviour, and the implications of these relationships for the understanding and management of tourism - Essay Example It is widely acceptable however, that leisure and tourism as areas of research have developed in complete seclusion. For example, Smith and Godbey (1991) commented that while there is evidence that attitudes are changing, the "traditions of recreation and leisure studies have historically ignored tourism". Throughout this paper, the implications of these relationships will be analyzed, in terms of psychological and sociological concepts as well. For their importance, when it comes to understanding and managing the tourism industry. People are classified into economic status, cultures, gender and skill. The perception of leisure is compound and based on factors such as social, economic, cultural and political factors. It has four major approaches; first approach is defined as leisure as time, then is leisure as activity, third is the attitude based approach and leisure as a state of mind while the fourth approach is leisure as a quality of action. Murphy (1974) defines leisure as â€Å"The most common conceptualization views leisure as that portion of time which remains when time for work and the basic requirements for existence have been satisfied. Leisure can be viewed as casual behavior in which people engage during free time. If we accept the notion of prepotency and the idea of different levels of need, then we can re-state the Aristotlean definition of leisure. Leisure is the state or condition of being free from the urgent demands of lower level needs.† (Murphy, 1974). It is therefore a mental and spiritual attitude. Tourism refers to travel for frivolous, spare time or business purposes. There is a variety of different perspectives when it comes to defining tourism. Tourism is about an activity that covers dealing with different people, individual behaviour, utilization of resources and different environments (Ball, 1995). As per Burkart & Medlik (1981), tourism definitions can either be technical or

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 92

Assignment Example Friedan wrote about the way American women who were housewives felt. They felt that they never defined themselves as to whom they were. The women felt that they had no career to identify themselves with; they needed to adjust their role as housewives. Cleaver argued that the White woman-Blackman sickness/problem needed to be brought to the open, dealt with and resolved (Cleaver 27). He concluded that, black men who had been brought up in America could experience the problem of not preferring their fellow black women, but instead prefer white women. He says that in the end, the black may feel as if he betrayed his race, and end up hating the white women. According to Friedan, the nameless problem was that of women housewives not defining whom they were, instead they engaged themselves in housewife business all the time. This problem made them seek medical intervention, only to find that the cure was adjusting their role as housewives (Friedan

Competitive and strategic Analysis 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Competitive and strategic Analysis 1 - Essay Example The financial department will lack funds for paying employees and buying the required facilities. Other departments such as engineering, design, customer service and production will not work effectively because of inadequate resources. The essential goal of the marketing department is to increase the company’s market share by 25% by the end of the year 2014. The company will require a variety of resources for effective execution of the planned marketing action: financial resources for paying marketers and buying airtime, human resources who will work as marketers, printers for making advertising posters, and road show lorries for street advertising (Rajagopal, 19). Measuring the effectiveness of the marketing plan will be critical to the organization’s success. Pepsi Company will determine the functionality of the marketing plan by comparing the amount of sales before and after the marketing plan. If the amount of sales increases, the functional strategy would have produced the required results; however, decline in the sales volume will indicate failure of the strategy. The functional strategy, therefore, will need to be

CASE4 MGT 491 INTERNATIONAL HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CASE4 MGT 491 INTERNATIONAL HRM - Essay Example This paper will discuss various challenges that private organizations encounter when they station expatriates overseas. The will seek to explain the key issues of successful expatriation and will provide suggestions on how private firms can help the repatriation process. The paper will be written from a point of view of newly elected International HRM manager in India. The International HR Manager is required to extend the positive image of their organization to a new country. The culture of the firm should not be carried forward to the new branch. Being in a foreign country, it takes time for the HR manager implement a culture especially when dealing with new employees of a new country. The international HR manager undergoes a feeling of exception and thus do not settle down mentally within a short period of time. Psychologically, when a human being is taken to new places, they develop a characteristic of adventuring in order to learn their new environs. This nature affects international managers, and they end up giving little devotion to their job responsibilities. A company spends a lot of finances as allowances for the Human resource managers. Some managers are emotionally overwhelmed by the large sums of money and end up engaging in a vacation/ exploration rather than concentrating on the assigned business duties. Every organization has its internal laws that are governed by the external laws of the country. Human resource managers might find themselves in complex situations when the internal law of the organization does not comply with international laws. The International HR manager deals with a new workforce which has different characteristics with what they are used to (Harris, Brewster & Sparrow, 2004). It, therefore, becomes challenging to control the workforce effectively and meet the organizations production expectations. The organization is thus exposed to the risk of business failure or

Leadership for change in a turbulent market place Dissertation

Leadership for change in a turbulent market place - Dissertation Example ... A Leader's successful application of directive organizational psychology by modifying specific leadership behaviours towards the group will yield an Organizational culture that is in essence "inspired" and successful in the pursuit of its goals and objectives. The purpose of this piece of research is to test the academic theory of leadership in a market place that has seen a high degree of turbulence through acquisition; consolidation and globalization as the landscape of the UK construction industry and its supply chain have altered to meet the challenges. Acknowledgements I would like to thank the following people for assisting me during the preparation of this research project. My project supervisor, Jon Stephens, University College of Northampton. The following senior executives from the construction industry supply chain who gave up their valuable time to assist me in with the exploration of Leadership as a concept. Chris Hayward, Managing Director of the NMBS. Andrew Weiss , Managing Director of Isaac Lord Ltd. David French, Chief Executive of BHETA. Chris Pateman, Managing Director of the BMF. Paul Hetherington, Managing Director of Pendock Alumasc Ltd. Steve Labord who assisted me in the background research of this project. Finally, my wife Lesley Joanne Durning who has assisted and supported me through this demanding period. CHAPTER 1: Introduction 1.1 Background The UK's construction industry is a major sector of the country's economy which has been enjoying a period of substantial growth recently. In 2005, the output of the construction industry in Great Britain was 107.01bn, a rise of 4.5% as compared with 2004 (UK Construction Industry Market Review,

Pulmonary embolism CT scan case Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Pulmonary embolism CT scan case - Dissertation Example Pulmonary embolism Pulmonary embolism is the second most common cause of sudden death. Death occurs within few hours of onset of the condition and in many situations, death occurs much before the diagnosis is made. In those who survive, recurrent embolism and mortality can be prevented by prompt diagnosis and management. However, diagnosis is often missed because of signs and symptoms that are nonspecific. Untreated individuals, who have survived the initial episode, are likely to die due to repeat embolism. Pulmonary embolism can be acute or chronic. Acute embolism occurs when the embolus is situated in the central portion of the vascular lumen or if the embolus occludes the lumen. Chronic embolism occurs when the embolus is eccentric, being contiguous with the wall of the vessel, decreases the diameter of the involved artery by atleast 50 percent and there is evidence of recanalisation or arterial web. Acute embolism distends the the vessel (Ouellette, 2011). Figure 1: Mechanism of pulmonary embolism (medicalook.com) Pulmonary embolism can be peripheral or central based on the branch of the artery located. Main pulmonary artery and its branches, the right and left pulmonary arteries and their subsequent main branches,the anterior trunk, the right and left interlobar arteries, right and left lower lobe arteries, right middle lobe artery and left upper lobe trunk are considered to be central zones. Other branches are peripheral zones (Ouellette, 2011). Pulmonary embolism can be massive or non-massive. Massive embolism occurs when hemodynamic compromise occurs (Ouellette, 2011). The clinical presentation of the condition is highly variable and hence provides scope for missed diagnosis. Classic presentation includes sudden onset of shortness of breath, pleuritic chest pain and hypoxia (Ouellette, 2011). Pulmonary embolism is considered to be a complication of venous thromboembolism like deep vein thrombosis, rather than just a disease. Thus, every individual who is at risk of venous thromboembolism is at risk of developing pulmonary embolism (Ouellette, 2011). In normal individuals, microthrombi, which are nothing but aggregates of platelets, lysed red blood cells and fibrin, are formed and subsequently lysed continuously in the venous system. Through such a mechanism, local hemostasis is possible in response to injury, thus preventing uncontrolled propagation of clot (Ouellette, 2011). In view of nonspecific clinical presentation, every individual with unexplained chest pain, tachypnea or dyspnea must undergo specific diagnostic tests to rule out the disease. Non-specific routine tests ar not helpful in establishing or giving clue for diagnosis. The criterion standard for diagnosis of pulmonary embolism is pulmonary angiography. However, this is rarely performed now and is replaced by computed tomography angiography or CT angiography which is more sensitive and specific (Ouellette, 2011). Famous personality who died of pulmonary embolism O ne of the famous personalities who died of pulmonary embolism is David Bloom, a noted TV journalist (DPSinfo, 2004). Anatomy The key for accurate interpretation of CT angiography is based on the understanding of bronchovascular anatomy (Refer to Figures 2 and 3). It is very important to adopt systematic approach of identifying vessels (Ouellette, 2011). Figure-2: Branches of pulmonary artery (imaios.com) Figure-3: Bronchopulmonary segments (imaios.com). Pathology Both hemodynamic and respiratory consequences arise due to pulmonary

Compare The Story of an Hour and Shiloh Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Compare The Story of an Hour and Shiloh - Essay Example Mallard, Norma Jean’s behavior in Shiloh is observed and reflected by her husband representing a totally different perspective on the issue. This essay will argue that the combination of female point of view represented by Chopin and male point of view from Shiloh allows seeing the full picture of traditional patriarchal family relationships. Mrs. Mallard, the main character of The Story of an Hour, perceived the news about her husband’s death with tears. However, the picture changes quickly when she goes to her room and reflects on her feelings. First she experiences emptiness and indifference; step by step she recognizes her real feelings in her heart. She finds herself full of â€Å"monstrous joy† and feeling of freedom; she perceives the death of her husband as a relief from her unhappy marriage where she was supposed to sacrifice her life and interests for the sake of her husband (Chopin). Mrs. Mallard does not see any positive sides in her marriage; she even does not know whether she loved her husband of not. Sitting in her armchair, she prepares to start her life from scratch. There are hints in description of the settings that Mrs. Mallard is not going to mourn. On the contrary, everything looks pleasant and even joyful. Ironic title of the story indicates that she does not have much time for the transformation. In an hour, her husband comes back home. Unwilling to get back to old life and shocked by this sudden coming back, Mrs. Mallard dies either because of her â€Å"hear trouble† or, as it is said by the doctor, â€Å"the joy that kills† (Chopin). Alongside with this inner transformation of the main character, Mr. Mallard is not visible in the story. As a result, the story shows only one side of the coin. The other side of this coin is fully represented in Shiloh by Bobbie Ann Mason. The story is narrated from the point of view of Leroy Moffitt, a former truck driver, who spends all days and night at home after a serious road incident. Leroy

Lust, Love & Relationship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Lust, Love & Relationship - Essay Example The article highlights the story life of the author during her college days. In her relationship, the author compares herself with other peers. The element of money and financial disparities arises. The author creates an environment where those with financial advantage tend to enjoy love compared to those who are financially disadvantage(Kennedy, 2015). Her envy of her girlfriend suggests the monetary aspect plays part in love and happiness. The author also reflects the level of relationship and her situation as she describes her love as serious as being serious. The article concludes by suggesting that the author’s college life was meant to sample and determine what factors surrounding love. The author indicates that marriage explores is a test of what one had experienced during their teenage lives. According to Derleg, communication plays part in determining the type of relationship to be experienced by different parties. The length of a relationship will be determine by the level of communication between parties. A close communication model will ensure a loner relationship. In the article the author indicate her love life with her boyfriend begins and ended in collage. The factors behind this could be that after collage the two limited their communication hence breaking their relationship. Communication and relationship have a positive correlation. According to Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love, intimacy is a fro of relationship that defines closeness and define the love distance between two.

Employment at Will and Due Process Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Employment at Will and Due Process - Assignment Example The greatest intellectual strength is the inclusion of arguments made against their own point. If the authors had failed to include opposing arguments, their article would have been very one-sided and un-credible. It is important for readers to understand both sides of an argument before understanding which side is right or wrong (if there are, in fact, objectively right and wrong sides). This strength of the article, however, also proved to be somewhat of a weakness, because some of the opposing arguments were left unchallenged by the authors. One of the most interesting and perhaps most valid arguments made in this article is that the differences between private and public businesses are becoming less and less clear. Werhane and Radin put forth the notion that public businesses are businesses that cater to the public good before trying to make a profit whereas private businesses function for profit only. While this seems hard to define a business by for legal issues, I have heard that private businesses are marked by having 25 employees or less. I dislike these sort of bright-line policies where a difference of only 1 (say 26 employees instead of 25) makes a tremendous difference in applicable policy. The authors could have used this point to further argue their perspective, but since they did not I will now return to what they did say. Werhane and Radin backed their argument, that the line once drawn between private and public businesses is fading, by a case study involving General Motors (GM). The scenario explained in this article is that the private company GM was declared, by the Supreme Court, able to take over property to expand because it was for the "common good" even though, as a private company, its primary goal is profitability. On the authors' parts, this is a valid argument and it was good to utilize this case study as evidence of their point. (I would have liked more case studies to be used to give solid examples of their arguments.) While the case study does illustrate their point, it is actually not that simple, however. When this happened, it was likely the topic of much subjective debate, because many people may have disagreed with the Supreme Court's ruling. Furthermore, the actual intentions of the Supreme Court may not have been quite so innocent. Corruption is ugly, but it is widespread. Impor tant figures within the Supreme Court could have been easily influenced by a promise of shared wealth from GM. This just goes to show that while the Supreme Court's actions may have led the authors to believe that there is little difference between private and public businesses but really, the ruling of Supreme Court may have been swayed by external factors and its implications are thus inconclusive. Additionally, although Werhane and Radin tried to say that private businesses are like public businesses because they can be deemed as putting efforts towards achieving the common good, I believe it may more often be the other way around. Do public businesses actually put the common good before profitability Without profit, businesses cannot succeed. Perhaps, then, public businesses are similar to private businesses, because they do put profit first.  

Personal Statment Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Statment - Personal Statement Example On the other hand, weaknesses are very imperative and essential to complete an individual’s life, and individuals become successful when they are able to utilize their strengths in a way to turn their weaknesses into qualities. In this regard, I have felt that I am holder of a very altruistic personality that often seems a weakness in this materialistic world in which, everyone is running after notions of success, money, and fame. I am glad that I have been successful in turning my weaknesses into a strength that has allowed me to become a mature person in this life who has the vision and capability to bring some constructive change in this world. However, it is very essential that individuals should set realistic objectives to be successful, and application for attaining Bachelors Degree in Petroleum Engineering is part of such belief that will allow me to acquire understanding of theoretical frameworks related to the field of engineering. In addition, acquisition of this degree will facilitate me in achieving my objectives of obtaining a sound career in the engineering field. I have carried out extensive research regarding the engineering profession, and have gained tremendous respect for it, as the field has been significant in bringing influential and positive alterations in so many lives globally. I belong to a country that is rich in natural resources, specifically petroleum that indicates the wide-ranging scope of the petroleum engineering in the country. Besides scope, engineering subjects have always been ahead in inspiring me with their calculations and formulas that is another reason of choosing the engineering field for my career. For this reason, I have explored different aspects of the field, and petroleum engineering seemed the ideal field for me. In this regard, I have searched your reputable academic institution, and have utmost

Signal Transmission Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Signal Transmission - Assignment Example The length of the antenna should be more or equal to the wavelength. In order to transmit higher wavelength frequency, the length of the antenna should be larger that become unpractical. In order to limit the size of the antenna, carrier frequencies are used that have powerful signal frequencies. Carrier frequencies make it possible to send and receive the radio waves under a set operating range. It limits the distortion and interference with other frequencies. Carrier frequencies allow the transmission of the signal frequencies to be transmitted wirelessly. Radio waves require carrier frequencies for the transmission as carrier frequencies make it easier to transmit the information through space. Carrier frequencies work in a fixed band where the power transmitted through the carries is considerably higher as compared to that of the packed radio frequencies. Carrier frequencies are transmitted by using a similar physical transmission medium. Signal frequencies and carrier frequencie s are modulated in a manner that the receiver can easily separate the two frequencies. Mainly two basic modulation techniques are used for the transmission of the carrier frequencies. Frequencies modulation and amplitude modulation are the basic types of modulation techniques used extensively. In frequency modulation, the signal frequencies are mixed with the frequency of the carrier frequency and in amplitude modulation techniques, the signal frequencies are mixed with respect to the amplitude of the carrier frequency.

How Beyond Budgeting Model Can Overcome Traditional Budgeting's Dissertation

How Beyond Budgeting Model Can Overcome Traditional Budgeting's Criticisms and whether it's the Way to Forward to Adaptive Mana - Dissertation Example decentralised teams 26 2.6.3 Performance measurement 26 2.7 Changes in the Organisation with the adaptation of Beyond Budgeting 28 2.8. Summary 32 3.0. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 33 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 Research Overview 33 3.3 Research Philosophy 34 3.4 Research Approach 34 3.5 Research Methods 35 3.6 Research Strategy 36 3.7 Research Design 36 3.8 Data Collection Method 37 3.9 Data Collection Method 37 3.10 Analysis Method 37 3.10 Reliability of Research 38 3.11 Limitations 38 3.12 Summary 39 4.0 FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS 40 4.1 Introduction 40 4.2 Case Analysis 40 4.2.1 American Express 40 4.2.2 Case Analysis of Aldi 44 4.2.3 Case Analysis of UBS Wealth Management and Business Banking 45 4.2.4 Case Analysis of Guardian Industries Corporation 46 4.2.5 Case Analysis of SpareBank 1 54 4.3 Summary 61 5.0 DISCUSSION 62 6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 68 6.1 Conclusion 68 6.2 Recommendations: 72 7. List of References 73 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview Budgeting is one of the most important tool s for managers and it has been regarded as the cornerstone of the management accounting system by Hasnen, Otley, and Stede (2003). Budgeting is a tool that is used by mangers as a blueprint for their future actions. Budgeting is used by organisations to analyse how the firm is performing and how it is expected to perform in the time to come. In some organisations, this tool is also known as the annual planning process. Budgeting has been one of the most commonly used methods by managers and it has been used in different parts of the world. However, with the passage of time there have been several discrepancies and inconsistencies found in the budgeting process and traditional methods used by managers for budgeting and this has raised questions regarding the reliability and effectiveness of budgeting process (Ostergren and Stensaker, 2011). One of the major purposes of budgeting is that it allows the company to analyse how it is able to achieve and meet its objectives. With proper an d effective use of budgeting techniques, an organisation is able to improve its profits and reduce its unnecessary expenses. There can be different purposes for using budgeting and some of the most important purposes of using budgeting techniques include: forecasting financial statements, controlling costs and expenses, managing and predicting cash flows, resource planning, communication plans etc (Becker, Messner, and Schaffer, 2010). Organisations may use budgeting for more than one of these above reasons and it is up to the management how they adopt these techniques as there have been several firms that have adapted and have achieved benefits of using these techniques. Besides the advantages and benefits that budgeting techniques offer, these techniques have several limitations that limit and reduce the importance of such techniques. Organisations have been planning to improve these techniques and therefore there has been sufficient research on this topic (Linder and Weber, 2005) . Budgeting techniques are not only used for one department or one product that the company is offering. With the use of budgeting technique an organisation is able to identify the cash inflows and outflows from different departments or products that the company offers. By using these data, the management can be able to better analyse the situation and take decisions accordingly. Therefore it has been used by management as a planning tool for years (Drury, 2008). 1.2 Background The traditional budgeting approach is a combination top down and bottom up

Southwest airlines Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Southwest airlines - Assignment Example To understand the results of the deregulation, it is vital to apply Porter’s Five Forces analysis of the company. The extent to which rivalry thrives usually affects the general profitability of the airline. The concentration of the market is a major issue which affects rivalry. Routes, hubs and airports operated by several carriers experienced strong rivalry Ahlstrom and Bruton (2009). Factors contributing to this rivalry include high and fixed costs, price wars, excess capacity, easily accessible prices through the Internet and low differentiation. Among the competitors of Southwest Airlines include AMR Corporation, Air France-KLM, United Continental Holdings, Inc., British Airways Plc, Delta Air Lines Inc., and Continental Airlines, Inc.. The competitors have seen the Southwest Airline’s fare prices and prit margines godown as they have cut a share of the company’s market. During the first about ten years of deregulation, the airline industry experienced a lot of entrants with 22 new airlines being established according to Desai, Patel and Quach. This entrance of new airlines implied that the airline industry was to experience inefficient economies of scales hence couldn’t support a lot of new entrants. Economists predicted fewer barriers to entry in the market and new firms were likely to organize airlines and new assets to new routes. However it was later observed that there could only exist eight major carriers. The increase the major carriers to eleven would lead to eight of them filing for bankruptcy, disappearing or merging. The various substitutes to air travel include road transport, trail transport, and water transport. However, the significance of trains, ships, and buses as airline substitutes has significantly declined over time. Exchanging costs between air travel and others substitutes are literally low according to Duggan (2003).

Simulaitons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Simulaitons - Essay Example In the present case, the optimum solution is obtained for- Profit maximized ($1254) when Tables for 4=10, Tables for 2=8, wait staff=3 and kitchen staff=2. Loss of sales is least ($941). Other than the proposed alternatives, we can have two more possible solutions. There are basically, two areas of concern namely- Order taking and the ovens. The speed of operation at both these places directly influences the waiting time. Therefore, the optimal automation of these two areas would do a great deal of good even if there were initial investments to be made. A) Given the significant downtime and relocation costs, once you have decided to reconfigure equipment to improve process layout, how do you balance the immediate production requirements versus future needs for the facility There must always be a scope for future improvement, and so in order to achieve this, there must always be an effort for finding out better alternatives and under the present situation, the existing production must not stop, and so the best option for this would be to relocate only one thing at a time. This will ensure that current production stays unaffected and there is scope for future additions into any vacant space. B) The "cost of delay" is an important cost t

Axiom Strategic Communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Axiom Strategic Communications - Essay Example This strategy redefines the current situation about the hearing problem in Australia and how the Australian Hearing organization contends to deal with the ever-increasing cases in the country. The organization focuses on hearing impairment for â€Å"Children and young adults under the age 21 years, Indigenous adults over 50 and aged pensioners and Veterans affected during their working experience† (Australian Hearing 2011). The majority of active clients attended to by specialists in all the years are between the ages 0-29 and 60-99, with the latter forming the highest percentage in both male and female subjects. This gives the reason why the entity forms an integral component in solving hearing loss problem in Australia and, thus, the organization to place itself strategically to solve these problems. The figure below shows the population by percentage of active clients attending the Australian Hearing by age group. This PR strategy seeks to position the Australian Hearing in a distinguishable manner vis-a-vis competitors in the hearing products and services. Through this, the organization sets industry standards and uses the most cost-effective and best value means of accomplishing its objectives to the target publics. A number of messages will be used to communicate the intentions of the organization. These will be through communicated through interactive social media platforms, brochures, and newsletters. The messages â€Å"Together we lead the world in giving our customers with the best hearing solutions† aims at putting the mission and vision of the organization a top agenda. Through this, the organization focuses on streamlining its procedures to be customer oriented to solve the specific impairments of the customer in question. The message â€Å"Setting the standards in Hearing health and auditory research† outline to the major objective that the organization is on the threshold of achieving. This posits that the specialists and management all work towards a collective motivation (Harris & Whalen, 2006, p. 107). The individuals are expected to convert all their energies and synergies towards setting the pace in the research and hearing health services provision.